state of nature
The lack of a politically organized society. • The term is a fictional construct for the period in human history predating any type of political society.
Search Results for: STATE OF NATURE
state of nature
state of nature. The lack of a politically organized society. • The term is a fictional construct for the period in human history predating any type of political society. “[W]e may make use of the contrast, familiar to the philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, between the civil state and the state of nature.
state street bank
State Street Bank. Patents. A landmark 1998 decision in the Federal Circuit that made it easier to get patents on computer software, and also called into question the long-accepted notion that business methods are unpatentable. • The court struck down per se rules against patenting mathematical algorithms (the soul of software), focusing instead on whether
digital signature
A secure, digital code attached to an electronically transmitted message that uniquely identifies and authenticates the sender. • A digital signature consists of a “hashed” number combined with a number assigned to a document (a private-encryption key). Generating a signature requires the use of private- and public-key-encryption software, and is often activated by a simple
United States Revised Statutes
United States Revised Statutes 《美国修订制定法》 1866年美国国会第一次授权对《制定法大全》〔Statutes at Large〕进行法典化，《1875年修订制定法》〔Revised Statutes of 1875〕的出版即是这次法典化的产物。在修订之初，依国会授权成立的修订委员会首先从全部的《制定法大全》中抽取出那些仍然有效、且具有通用和永久性质〔general and permanent nature〕的公法〔public laws〕，然后将这些法律依次重写，并把这些法律的修正案〔amendments〕补充进去，已废除的部分则予以删除。全部法律按各章主题〔topic in chapters〕或标题〔titles〕为序排列，如标题35下为税法，标题70下为刑法。所有标题合订为一卷本，以主题为索引，这就是《1875年修订制定法》。后修订委员会将其作为一项法案〔bill〕提交国会以立法程序通过，从而成为实在法〔positive law〕，此后，对相关法律便无需再从《制定法大全》中援引。但《1875年修订制定法》作为第一版，其中也包含了许多不准确的地方及对法律作了未经授权的更改。为此，1878年又出版了《修订制定法》的第二版，它又将1873年以来通过的法律收入，将此期间废除的法律删除，并纠正了第一版中因疏忽而造成的错误。但是，《修订制定法》的第二版从未经国会以立法程序通过，所以，其中对第一版内容所作的修改仅构成法律的表面证据〔prima facie evidence of the law〕。此后，直至1926年，对联邦法律未再进行过法典化。
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guardian by nature
Hist. The parental guardian of an heir apparent who has not yet reached the age of 21. • Although the common law made the father the guardian by nature and the mother only after the father’s death, most states have given both parents equal rights of guardianship over their children (see, e.g., N.Y. Dom. Rel.
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state secret
state secret. A governmental matter that would be a threat to the national defense or diplomatic interests of the United States if revealed; information possessed by the government and of a military or diplomatic nature, the disclosure of which would be contrary to the public interest. • State secrets are privileged from disclosure by a
banking day
banking day. 1. Banking hours on a day when a bank is open to the public for carrying on substantially all its banking functions. • Typically, if the bookkeeping and loan departments are closed by a certain hour, the remainder of that day is not part of that bank’s banking day. 2. A day on
amnesty
amnesty, n. A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of persons, usu. for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of persons who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted (the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act provided amnesty for undocumented aliens
unity of interest
The requirement that all joint tenants’ interests must be identical in nature, extent, and duration. — Also termed interest unity. [Cases: Joint Tenancy 1, 3. C.J.S. Estates § 19; Joint Tenancy§§ 2, 4, 6–15, 38–40.]